Overview¶
- Data frames
tidyversepackages- Working with tabular data
- Data input and output
- Summary statistics
Tidy data¶
- Tidy data is a specific subset of rectangular data, where:
- Each variable is in a column
- Each observation is in a row
- Each value is in a cell
Source: R for Data Science
Data frames¶
- Data frame is the workhorse of data analysis in R
- Despite their matrix-like appearance, data frames are lists of equal-sized vectors
- Data frames can be created with
data.frame()function with named vectors as input
Extra: Recall, how pandas data frames in Python are dictionaries of equal-length lists/arrays
In [2]:
df <- data.frame(
x = 1:4,
y = c("a", "b", "c", "d"),
z = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
)
df
x y z 1 1 a TRUE 2 2 b FALSE 3 3 c FALSE 4 4 d TRUE
Data frame example¶
In [3]:
# str() function applied to data frame is useful in determining variable types
str(df)
'data.frame': 4 obs. of 3 variables: $ x: int 1 2 3 4 $ y: chr "a" "b" "c" "d" $ z: logi TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
In [4]:
# dim() function behaves similar to matrix, showing N rows and N columns, respectively
dim(df)
[1] 4 3
In [5]:
# In contrast to matrix length() of data frame displays the length of underlying list
length(df)
[1] 3
Creating data frame example¶
In [6]:
l <- list(x = 1:5, y = letters[1:5], z = rep(c(TRUE, FALSE), length.out = 5))
l
$x [1] 1 2 3 4 5 $y [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" $z [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
In [7]:
df <- data.frame(l)
df
x y z 1 1 a TRUE 2 2 b FALSE 3 3 c TRUE 4 4 d FALSE 5 5 e TRUE
In [8]:
str(df)
'data.frame': 5 obs. of 3 variables: $ x: int 1 2 3 4 5 $ y: chr "a" "b" "c" "d" ... $ z: logi TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
Subsetting data frame¶
- In subsetting data frames the techniques of subsetting matrices and lists are combined
- If you subset with a single vector, it behaves as a list
- If you subset with two vectors, it behaves as a matrix
data_frame[row_indices, column_indices]
data_frame[row_indices, column_name(s)]
data_frame[column_indices]
data_frame[column_name(s)]
data_frame$column_nameSubsetting data frame example¶
In [9]:
# Like a list
df[c("x", "z")]
x z 1 1 TRUE 2 2 FALSE 3 3 TRUE 4 4 FALSE 5 5 TRUE
In [10]:
# Like a matrix
df[,c("x", "z")]
x z 1 1 TRUE 2 2 FALSE 3 3 TRUE 4 4 FALSE 5 5 TRUE
In [11]:
df[df$y == "b",]
x y z 2 2 b FALSE
Building data frame¶
rbind()(row bind) - appends a row to data framecbind()(column bind) - appends a column to data frame- Both require compatible sizes (number of rows/columns)
Building data frame examples¶
In [12]:
rand <- rnorm(5)
rand
[1] 0.51628820 -0.15978300 -0.07196149 2.58399787 0.30255112
In [13]:
df <- cbind(df, rand)
df
x y z rand 1 1 a TRUE 0.51628820 2 2 b FALSE -0.15978300 3 3 c TRUE -0.07196149 4 4 d FALSE 2.58399787 5 5 e TRUE 0.30255112
Building data frame examples continued¶
In [14]:
# Note that a row has to be a list as it contains different data types
r <- list(6, letters[6], FALSE, rnorm(1))
r
[[1]] [1] 6 [[2]] [1] "f" [[3]] [1] FALSE [[4]] [1] 0.1202676
In [15]:
df <- rbind(df, r)
df
x y z rand 1 1 a TRUE 0.51628820 2 2 b FALSE -0.15978300 3 3 c TRUE -0.07196149 4 4 d FALSE 2.58399787 5 5 e TRUE 0.30255112 6 6 f FALSE 0.12026760
Manipulating columns¶
In [16]:
# New columns can also be created/modified by assignment
# (if the right-hand side object has correct length)
df["r"] <- rnorm(6)
df
x y z rand r 1 1 a TRUE 0.51628820 -1.4450354 2 2 b FALSE -0.15978300 -1.1488777 3 3 c TRUE -0.07196149 -1.6461525 4 4 d FALSE 2.58399787 1.5966023 5 5 e TRUE 0.30255112 0.7387282 6 6 f FALSE 0.12026760 1.1970729
In [17]:
# Individual columns can also be selected with $ operator
df$r <- df$r + 5
df
x y z rand r 1 1 a TRUE 0.51628820 3.554965 2 2 b FALSE -0.15978300 3.851122 3 3 c TRUE -0.07196149 3.353848 4 4 d FALSE 2.58399787 6.596602 5 5 e TRUE 0.30255112 5.738728 6 6 f FALSE 0.12026760 6.197073
Manipulating columns continued¶
In [18]:
# colnames() or names() attribute for data frames contains column names
colnames(df)
[1] "x" "y" "z" "rand" "r"
In [19]:
colnames(df)[4] <- "rand"
df
x y z rand r 1 1 a TRUE 0.51628820 3.554965 2 2 b FALSE -0.15978300 3.851122 3 3 c TRUE -0.07196149 3.353848 4 4 d FALSE 2.58399787 6.596602 5 5 e TRUE 0.30255112 5.738728 6 6 f FALSE 0.12026760 6.197073
tidyverse packages¶
tidyversepackage ecosystem - rich collection of data science packages- Designed with consistent interfaces and generally higher usability than base R function
- Notable packages:
readr- data input/output (alsoreadxlfor spreadsheets,havenfor SPSS/Stata)dplyr- data manipulation (alsotidyrfor pivoting)ggplot2- data visualisationlubridate- working with dates and timetibble- enhanced data frame
install.packages("tidyverse")Tibble vs data frame¶
- Tibbles are designed to be backward compatible with base R data frames
- Console printing of tibbles is cleaner (prettified, only first 10 rows by default)
- Tibbles can have columns that themselves contain lists as elements
- Tibbles can be created with
tibble::tibble()function - Or objects can be coerced into a tibble using
tibble::as_tibble()function
In [20]:
tb <- tibble::tibble(
x = 1:4,
y = c("a", "b", "c", "d"),
z = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
)
tb
x y z 1 1 a TRUE 2 2 b FALSE 3 3 c FALSE 4 4 d TRUE
Tibbles work (mostly) like data frames¶
In [21]:
str(tb)
tibble [4 × 3] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame) $ x: int [1:4] 1 2 3 4 $ y: chr [1:4] "a" "b" "c" "d" $ z: logi [1:4] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
In [22]:
dim(tb)
[1] 4 3
In [23]:
tb[c("x", "z")]
x z 1 1 TRUE 2 2 FALSE 3 3 FALSE 4 4 TRUE
In [24]:
tb[tb$y == "b",]
x y z 1 2 b FALSE
Manipulating columns in base R¶
In [25]:
# New columns can also be created/modified by assignment (if the RHS object has correct length)
tb["r"] <- rnorm(4)
tb
x y z r 1 1 a TRUE -1.5858383 2 2 b FALSE -1.7991281 3 3 c FALSE -1.0582633 4 4 d TRUE -0.7937325
In [26]:
# Individual columns can also be selected with $ operator
tb$r <- tb$r + 5
tb
x y z r 1 1 a TRUE 3.414162 2 2 b FALSE 3.200872 3 3 c FALSE 3.941737 4 4 d TRUE 4.206267
In [27]:
# names() attribute for data frames/tibbles contains column names
names(tb)
[1] "x" "y" "z" "r"
In [28]:
names(tb)[4] <- "rand"
tb
x y z rand 1 1 a TRUE 3.414162 2 2 b FALSE 3.200872 3 3 c FALSE 3.941737 4 4 d TRUE 4.206267
Data manipulation with dplyr¶
dplyr- is one of the core packages for data manipulation intidyverseIts principal functions are:
filter()- subset rows from datamutate()- add new/modify existing variablesrename()- rename existing variableselect()- subset columns from dataarrange()- order data by some variable
For data summary:
group_by()- aggregate data by some variablesummarise()- create a summary of aggregated variables
In [29]:
library("dplyr")
Attaching package: ‘dplyr’
The following objects are masked from ‘package:stats’:
filter, lag
The following objects are masked from ‘package:base’:
intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
Data manipulation with dplyr examples¶
In [30]:
dplyr::filter(tb, y == 'b', z == FALSE)
x y z rand 1 2 b FALSE 3.200872
In [31]:
# Note that dplyr functions do not require enquoted variable names
dplyr::select(tb, x, z)
x z 1 1 TRUE 2 2 FALSE 3 3 FALSE 4 4 TRUE
In [32]:
# We can also use helpful tidyselect functions for more complex rules
dplyr::select(tb, tidyselect::starts_with('r'))
rand 1 3.414162 2 3.200872 3 3.941737 4 4.206267
In [33]:
# Data is not modified in-place, you need to re-assign the results
tb <- dplyr::rename(tb, random = rand)
In [34]:
dplyr::mutate(tb, random_8plus = ifelse(random >= 8, TRUE, FALSE))
x y z random random_8plus 1 1 a TRUE 3.414162 FALSE 2 2 b FALSE 3.200872 FALSE 3 3 c FALSE 3.941737 FALSE 4 4 d TRUE 4.206267 FALSE
%>% operator¶
- Users of
tidyversepackages are encouraged to use pipe operator%>% - It allows to chain data transformations without creating intermidate variables
- It passes the result of the previous operation as a first first argument to the next
- Base R now also includes its own pipe operator
|>but it is still relatively uncommon
<result> <- <input> %>%
<function_name>(., arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_n)
<result> <- <input> %>%
<function_name>(arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_n)%>% operator examples¶
In [35]:
tb
x y z random 1 1 a TRUE 3.414162 2 2 b FALSE 3.200872 3 3 c FALSE 3.941737 4 4 d TRUE 4.206267
In [36]:
tb <- tb %>%
dplyr::mutate(random_2 = rnorm(4)) %>%
dplyr::filter(z == FALSE)
In [37]:
tb
x y z random random_2 1 2 b FALSE 3.200872 0.6260713 2 3 c FALSE 3.941737 0.6916460
In [38]:
# Pipe %>% can also be used with non-dplyr functions
tb$x %>% .[2]
[1] 3
In [39]:
# Base R pipe operator |> is more restrictive (e.g. tb$x |> `[`(2) doesn't work)
tb |> nrow()
[1] 2
Pivoting data¶
- Sometimes you want to pivot you data by:
- Spreading some variable across columns (
tidyr::pivot_wider()) - Gathering some columns in a variable pair (
tidyr::pivot_longer())
- Spreading some variable across columns (
 |
 |
pivot_wider() |
pivot_longer() |
Source: R for Data Science
Pivoting data example¶
In [40]:
tb2 <- tibble::tibble(
country = c("Afghanistan", "Brazil"),
`1999` = c(745, 2666),
`2000` = c(37737, 80488)
)
tb2
country 1999 2000 1 Afghanistan 745 37737 2 Brazil 2666 80488
In [41]:
tb2 <- tb2 %>%
# Note that pivoting functions come 'tidyr' package
tidyr::pivot_longer(cols = c("1999", "2000"), names_to = "year", values_to = "cases")
tb2
country year cases 1 Afghanistan 1999 745 2 Afghanistan 2000 37737 3 Brazil 1999 2666 4 Brazil 2000 80488
In [42]:
tb2 <- tb2 %>%
tidyr::pivot_wider(names_from = "year", values_from = "cases")
tb2
country 1999 2000 1 Afghanistan 745 37737 2 Brazil 2666 80488
Data formats in R¶
.csv(Comma-separated value) files for storing tabular data- Standard file format for storing data that is highly interoperable across systems
- Human-readable and can be opened in a simple text processor
.rds(R data serialization) files allow to store single R object- Can store arbitrary R objects (e.g. fitted model), similar to Python
pickle - Offers data compression
- Only works within R
- Can store arbitrary R objects (e.g. fitted model), similar to Python
.rda(R data) files for saving and loading multiple R objects- Offers data compression
- Compares unfavourably to rds and, generally, should be avoided
.feather/.parquet- big data formats associated with Apache Hadoop ecosystem- Cutting-edge performance (compression and read/write access)
- Not human-readable
- Relatively new, could be an overkill for some tasks
Functions for data I/O¶
.csv(Comma-separated value)read.csv()/write.csv()- base R functionsreadr::read_csv()/readr::write_csv()- functions fromreadrpackage intidyverse
.rds(R data serialization)readRDS()/writeRDS()- base R functionsreadr::read_rds()/readr::write_rds()- functions fromreadr(no default compression)
.rda(R data)save()/load()- base R functions
.feather/.parquetarrow::read_feather()/arrow::write_feather()- functions fromarrow::read_parquet()/arrow::write_parquet()-arrowpackage in Apache Arrow
Reading data in R example¶
In [44]:
# We are skipping the first row as this dataset has a composite header of 2 rows (variable name, question)
kaggle2020 <- readr::read_csv('../data/kaggle_survey_2020_responses.csv', skip = 1)
Warning message: “One or more parsing issues, see `problems()` for details” Rows: 20036 Columns: 355 ── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Delimiter: "," chr (353): What is your age (# years)?, What is your gender? - Selected Choi... dbl (1): Duration (in seconds) lgl (1): Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on ... ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data. ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.
In [45]:
head(kaggle2020)
| Duration (in seconds) | What is your age (# years)? | What is your gender? - Selected Choice | In which country do you currently reside? | What is the highest level of formal education that you have attained or plan to attain within the next 2 years? | Select the title most similar to your current role (or most recent title if retired): - Selected Choice | For how many years have you been writing code and/or programming? | What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Python | What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - R | What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SQL | ⋯ | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Weights & Biases | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Comet.ml | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sacred + Omniboard | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TensorBoard | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Guild.ai | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Polyaxon | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Trains | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Domino Model Monitor | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None | In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <dbl> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | ⋯ | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> | <chr> |
| 1838 | 35-39 | Man | Colombia | Doctoral degree | Student | 5-10 years | Python | R | SQL | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | TensorBoard | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 289287 | 30-34 | Man | United States of America | Master’s degree | Data Engineer | 5-10 years | Python | R | SQL | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 860 | 35-39 | Man | Argentina | Bachelor’s degree | Software Engineer | 10-20 years | NA | NA | NA | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | NA |
| 507 | 30-34 | Man | United States of America | Master’s degree | Data Scientist | 5-10 years | Python | NA | SQL | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 78 | 30-34 | Man | Japan | Master’s degree | Software Engineer | 3-5 years | Python | NA | NA | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 401 | 30-34 | Man | India | Bachelor’s degree | Data Analyst | < 1 years | Python | R | NA | ⋯ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Summarizing numeric variables¶
In [47]:
# Note that summary() as opposed to pandas' describe() gives summary for all variable types by default
summary(kaggle2020)
Duration (in seconds) What is your age (# years)?
Min. : 20 Length:20036
1st Qu.: 398 Class :character
Median : 626 Mode :character
Mean : 9156
3rd Qu.: 1030
Max. :1144493
What is your gender? - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In which country do you currently reside?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What is the highest level of formal education that you have attained or plan to attain within the next 2 years?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select the title most similar to your current role (or most recent title if retired): - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
For how many years have you been writing code and/or programming?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Python
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - R
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - C
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - C++
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Java
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Javascript
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Julia
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Swift
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Bash
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MATLAB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming languages do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What programming language would you recommend an aspiring data scientist to learn first? - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Jupyter (JupyterLab, Jupyter Notebooks, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - RStudio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Visual Studio / Visual Studio Code
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Click to write Choice 13
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - PyCharm
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Spyder
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Notepad++
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sublime Text
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Vim / Emacs
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MATLAB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following integrated development environments (IDE's) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Kaggle Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Colab Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Paperspace / Gradient
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Binder / JupyterHub
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Code Ocean
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - IBM Watson Studio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Sagemaker Studio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon EMR Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud AI Platform Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Datalab Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Databricks Collaborative Notebooks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following hosted notebook products do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What type of computing platform do you use most often for your data science projects? - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which types of specialized hardware do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - GPUs
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which types of specialized hardware do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TPUs
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which types of specialized hardware do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which types of specialized hardware do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Approximately how many times have you used a TPU (tensor processing unit)?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Matplotlib
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Seaborn
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Plotly / Plotly Express
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Ggplot / ggplot2
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Shiny
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - D3 js
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Altair
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Bokeh
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Geoplotlib
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Leaflet / Folium
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What data visualization libraries or tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
For how many years have you used machine learning methods?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Scikit-learn
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TensorFlow
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Keras
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - PyTorch
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Fast.ai
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MXNet
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Xgboost
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - LightGBM
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - CatBoost
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Prophet
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - H2O 3
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Caret
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tidymodels
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - JAX
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following machine learning frameworks do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Linear or Logistic Regression
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Decision Trees or Random Forests
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Gradient Boosting Machines (xgboost, lightgbm, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Bayesian Approaches
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Evolutionary Approaches
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Dense Neural Networks (MLPs, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Convolutional Neural Networks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Generative Adversarial Networks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Recurrent Neural Networks
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Transformer Networks (BERT, gpt-3, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following ML algorithms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply): - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - General purpose image/video tools (PIL, cv2, skimage, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Image segmentation methods (U-Net, Mask R-CNN, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Object detection methods (YOLOv3, RetinaNet, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Image classification and other general purpose networks (VGG, Inception, ResNet, ResNeXt, NASNet, EfficientNet, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Generative Networks (GAN, VAE, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of computer vision methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Word embeddings/vectors (GLoVe, fastText, word2vec)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Encoder-decorder models (seq2seq, vanilla transformers)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Contextualized embeddings (ELMo, CoVe)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Transformer language models (GPT-3, BERT, XLnet, etc)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following natural language processing (NLP) methods do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What is the size of the company where you are employed?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Approximately how many individuals are responsible for data science workloads at your place of business?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Does your current employer incorporate machine learning methods into their business?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Analyze and understand data to influence product or business decisions
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Build and/or run the data infrastructure that my business uses for storing, analyzing, and operationalizing data
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Build prototypes to explore applying machine learning to new areas
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Build and/or run a machine learning service that operationally improves my product or workflows
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Experimentation and iteration to improve existing ML models
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Do research that advances the state of the art of machine learning
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None of these activities are an important part of my role at work
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Select any activities that make up an important part of your role at work: (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
What is your current yearly compensation (approximate $USD)?
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Class :character
Mode :character
Approximately how much money have you (or your team) spent on machine learning and/or cloud computing services at home (or at work) in the past 5 years (approximate $USD)?
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - IBM Cloud / Red Hat
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Oracle Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SAP Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Salesforce Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - VMware Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Alibaba Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tencent Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon EC2
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - AWS Lambda
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Elastic Container Service
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Cloud Services
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure Container Instances
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Functions
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Compute Engine
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Functions
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Run
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud App Engine
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - No / None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following cloud computing products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon SageMaker
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Forecast
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Rekognition
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Machine Learning Studio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Cognitive Services
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud AI Platform / Google Cloud ML Engine
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Video AI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Natural Language
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Vision AI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - No / None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any of the following machine learning products on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MySQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - PostgresSQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SQLite
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Oracle Database
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MongoDB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Snowflake
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - IBM Db2
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft SQL Server
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Access
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure Data Lake Storage
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Redshift
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Athena
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon DynamoDB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud BigQuery
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud SQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Firestore
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational database, data warehouse, data lake, or similar) do you use most often? - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon QuickSight
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Power BI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Data Studio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Looker
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tableau
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Salesforce
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Einstein Analytics
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Qlik
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Domo
Mode:logical
NA's:20036
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TIBCO Spotfire
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Alteryx
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sisense
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SAP Analytics Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you use most often? - Selected Choice
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated data augmentation (e.g. imgaug, albumentations)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated feature engineering/selection (e.g. tpot, boruta_py)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated model selection (e.g. auto-sklearn, xcessiv)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated model architecture searches (e.g. darts, enas)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated hyperparameter tuning (e.g. hyperopt, ray.tune, Vizier)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automation of full ML pipelines (e.g. Google AutoML, H20 Driverless AI)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - No / None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - H20 Driverless AI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Databricks AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - DataRobot AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tpot
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto-Keras
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto-Sklearn
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto_ml
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Xcessiv
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MLbox
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - No / None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you use on a regular basis? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Neptune.ai
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Weights & Biases
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Comet.ml
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sacred + Omniboard
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TensorBoard
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Guild.ai
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Polyaxon
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Trains
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Domino Model Monitor
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - No / None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Do you use any tools to help manage machine learning experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Plotly Dash
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Streamlit
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - NBViewer
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - GitHub
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Personal blog
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Kaggle
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Colab
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Shiny
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - I do not share my work publicly
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Where do you publicly share or deploy your data analysis or machine learning applications? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
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Mode :character
On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Coursera
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - edX
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Kaggle Learn Courses
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - DataCamp
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Fast.ai
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Udacity
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Udemy
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - LinkedIn Learning
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Mode :character
On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Cloud-certification programs (direct from AWS, Azure, GCP, or similar)
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On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - University Courses (resulting in a university degree)
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Mode :character
On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
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Mode :character
On which platforms have you begun or completed data science courses? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
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Mode :character
What is the primary tool that you use at work or school to analyze data? (Include text response) - Selected Choice
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Twitter (data science influencers)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Email newsletters (Data Elixir, O'Reilly Data & AI, etc)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Reddit (r/machinelearning, etc)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Kaggle (notebooks, forums, etc)
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Course Forums (forums.fast.ai, Coursera forums, etc)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - YouTube (Kaggle YouTube, Cloud AI Adventures, etc)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Podcasts (Chai Time Data Science, O’Reilly Data Show, etc)
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Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Blogs (Towards Data Science, Analytics Vidhya, etc)
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Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Journal Publications (peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, etc)
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Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Slack Communities (ods.ai, kagglenoobs, etc)
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Who/what are your favorite media sources that report on data science topics? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
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Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - IBM Cloud / Red Hat
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Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Oracle Cloud
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - SAP Cloud
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - VMware Cloud
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Salesforce Cloud
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Alibaba Cloud
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Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Tencent Cloud
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Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following cloud computing platforms do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon EC2
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Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - AWS Lambda
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Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Elastic Container Service
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Cloud Services
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure Container Instances
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Class :character
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Functions
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Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Compute Engine
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Functions
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Run
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Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud App Engine
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific cloud computing products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon SageMaker
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Forecast
Length:20036
Class :character
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Rekognition
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Machine Learning Studio
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Azure Cognitive Services
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud AI Platform / Google Cloud ML Engine
Length:20036
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Video AI
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Natural Language
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Vision AI
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In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these specific machine learning products? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MySQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - PostgresSQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SQLite
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Oracle Database
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MongoDB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Snowflake
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - IBM Db2
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft SQL Server
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Access
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Azure Data Lake Storage
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Redshift
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon Athena
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon DynamoDB
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud BigQuery
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud SQL
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud Firestore
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following big data products (relational databases, data warehouses, data lakes, or similar) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Microsoft Power BI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Amazon QuickSight
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Data Studio
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Looker
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tableau
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Salesforce
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Einstein Analytics
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Qlik
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Domo
Length:20036
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Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TIBCO Spotfire
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Alteryx
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sisense
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - SAP Analytics Cloud
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which of the following business intelligence tools do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated data augmentation (e.g. imgaug, albumentations)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated feature engineering/selection (e.g. tpot, boruta_py)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated model selection (e.g. auto-sklearn, xcessiv)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated model architecture searches (e.g. darts, enas)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automated hyperparameter tuning (e.g. hyperopt, ray.tune, Vizier)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Automation of full ML pipelines (e.g. Google Cloud AutoML, H20 Driverless AI)
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which categories of automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Google Cloud AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - H20 Driverless AI
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Databricks AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - DataRobot AutoML
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Tpot
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto-Keras
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto-Sklearn
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Auto_ml
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Xcessiv
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - MLbox
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Which specific automated machine learning tools (or partial AutoML tools) do you hope to become more familiar with in the next 2 years? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Neptune.ai
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Weights & Biases
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Comet.ml
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Sacred + Omniboard
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - TensorBoard
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Guild.ai
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Polyaxon
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Trains
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Domino Model Monitor
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - None
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
In the next 2 years, do you hope to become more familiar with any of these tools for managing ML experiments? (Select all that apply) - Selected Choice - Other
Length:20036
Class :character
Mode :character
Summarizing categorical variables¶
In [48]:
# table() function is rather flexible in allowing to tabulate a single variable and do crosstabs
table(kaggle2020[3])
Man Nonbinary Prefer not to say
15789 52 263
Prefer to self-describe Woman
54 3878
In [49]:
# Wrapping it inside prop.table() gives proportions of each category
prop.table(table(kaggle2020[3]))
Man Nonbinary Prefer not to say
0.788031543 0.002595328 0.013126373
Prefer to self-describe Woman
0.002695149 0.193551607
In [50]:
# Wrapping it inside sort() gives value sorting, as opposed to alphabetic (or facto levels)
sort(table(kaggle2020[3]), decreasing = TRUE)[1]
Man 15789
Next¶
- Debugging and testing